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签证中的14个敏感专业

They are the following:

1. CONVENTIONAL MUNITIONS: Technologies associated with

warhead and other large caliber projectiles, reactive armor and

warhead defeat systems, fusing, and arming systems.

2. NUCLEAR TECHNOLOGY: This section covers technologies

associated with the production and use of nuclear material for both

peaceful and military applications. Included are technologies for

enrichment of fissile material, for reprocessing irradiated nuclear

fuel to recover produced platinum, production of heavy water for

moderator material, plutonium and tritium handling, as well as

certain associated technologies related to high energy physics. It

includes research and poser reactors, breeder and production

reactors, fissile or special nuclear materials; uranium enrichment,

including gaseous diffusion, centrifuge, aerodynamics, chemical,

electromagnetic isotopic separation (EMIS) laser, isotopic

separation (LIS); spent fuel reprocessing, plutonium, mixed oxide

nuclear research, inertial confinement fusion (ICF), magnetic

confinement fusion, plasma, nuclear fuel fabrication including

mixed oxide (uranium-plutonium) fuels (MOX), heavy water

production, tritium production and sue, electromagnetic pulse

(EMP); hardening technology.

3. MISSILE/MISSILE TECHNOLOGY: Technologies associated

with air vehicles and unnned [?] missile systems. The technology

needed to develop a satellite launch vehicle is virtually identical to

that needed to build a ballistic missile. Technologies include

rocket systems, ballistic missiles, space launch vehicles and

sounding rockets and unmanned air equipment and reentry vehicles.

4. AIRCRAFT AND MISSILE PROPULSION AND VEHICULAR

SYSTEMS: The propulsion technologies included are associated

with near-earth super and hypersonic flight propulsion systems for

aircraft and missiles. Many of these technologies are dual use.

Technologies include liquid and solid rocket propulsion systems;

missile propulsion and systems integration; individual rocket states

or staging/separation mechanism; aerospace thermal and high-

performance structures; propulsion systems test facilities.

5. NAVIGATION AND GUIDANCE CONTROL: These capabilities

directly determine the delivery accuracy and lethality of both

unguided and guided weapons. The long-term costs to design,

build and apply these technologies have been a limiting proliferation

factor. Technologies include those associated with internal

navigation systems, tracking and terminal homing devices;

accelerometers, vehicle and flight control systems.

6. CHEMICAL AND BIOTECHNOLOGY ENGINEERING: Of

specific concern is the ability to develop, produce, and disseminate

toxic chemicals, biological and toxin agents. The technologies

that could be applied to produce chemical and biological agents

are used widely by civilian research laboratories and industry;

these technologies are relatively common in many countries.

Advanced biotechnology has the potential to support biological

weapons research. Look for technologies associated with

bacteriology (especially pathogenic), mutagens, mycology,

neurotoxins, reconbiant technology, toxins, venoms, virology,

precursor chemicals, toxicological research, chemical production equipmen

t.

7. REMOTE IMAGING AND RECONNAISSANCE: Remote sensing

technologies are inherently dual-use; technologies can be used for

civilian imagery projects or for military reconnaissance efforts.

Drones and remotely piloted vehicles enhance reconnaissance

abilities. These are technologies associated with remote sensing

satellites; imagery systems; high resolution cameras and optics;

unnned [?] air vehicles; remotely-piloted vehicles, drones.

8. ADVANCED COMPUTER/MICROELECTRONIC TECHNOLOGY:

Advance computers and software play a useful (but not necessarily

critical) role in the development and deployment of missiles and

missile systems, and in the development and production of nuclear

weapons. Advance computer capabilities are also used in over-the-

horizon targeting, airborne early warning targeting, electronic

countermeasures (ECM) processors. These technologies are

associated with supercomputing, hybrid computing; speech

processing/recognition systems; neural networks; data fusion;

quantum wells, resonant tunneling; superconductivity; advance

optoeletronics, acoustic wave devices, superconducting electron

devices, flash discharge type x-ray systems; frequency

synthesizers; microcomputer compensated crystal oscillators.

9. MATERIALS TECHNOLOGY: The metallic, ceramic, and

composite materials are primarily related to structural functions in

aircraft, spacecraft, missiles, undersea vehicles, and propulsion

devices. Polymers provide seals and sealants for containment of

identified fluids and lubricants for various vehicles and devices.

Selected specialty materials provide critical capabilities that exploit

electromagnetic absorption, magnetic, or superconductivity

characteristics.. These technologies are associated with advance

metals and alloys; non-composite ceramic materials, ceramic,

cermet, organic and carbon materials; polymeric materials;

synthetic fluids; hot isostatic densifications; intermetallic;

organometals; liquid and solid lubricant; magnetic metals and

superconductive conductors.

10. INFORMATION SECURITY: Technologies associated with

cryptography and cryptographic systems to ensure secrecy for

communications, video, data and related software.

11. LASERS AND DIRECTED ENERGY SYSTEMS

TECHNOLOGY: Lasers have critical military applications,

including incorporation in guided ordnance such as laser guided

bombs and ranging devices. Directed energy technologies are

used to generate electromagnetic radiation or particle beams and

to project that energy on a specific target. Kinetic energy

technologies are those used to impart a high velocity to a mass

and direct it to a target. Directed energy and kinetic energy

technologies have potential utility in countering missiles and other

applications. Look for technologies associated with atomic vapor

laser isotope separation (AVLIS), molecular laser isotope

separation (MLIS); high energy lasers (HEL), low energy lasers

(LEL), semiconductor lasers, free electron lasers , directed energy

(DE), kinetic energy (KE) systems, particle beam, beam rider,

electromagnetic guns, optoelectronics, optical tracking, high

energy density, high-speed pulse generation, pulsed power,

hypersonic/hypervelocity, magnetohydronynamics.

12. SENSORS AND SENSOR TECHNOLOGY: Sensors provide

real-time information and data; the side with superior sensors has a

considerable advantage. Marina acoustics is critical in anti-

submarine warfare; gravity meters are essential for missile launch

calibration. Look for technologies associated with marine

 

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